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Finanças comportamentais

Se tivermos em conta o impacto dos fatores mentais e emocionais nos resultados de negociação, esta área da psicologia de trading torna-se deveras interessante.

There are so many facets of a person’s behaviour that play a role in influencing financial decision making.

 

Combine this with the stress that the market volatilities and aggressive price fluctuations evoke, it’s no surprise that the study of feelings and how they drive traders to act certain ways has become so popular.

 

Interwoven within this mesh of psychological concepts is behavioural finance. Referred to as a subset of behavioural economics, behavioural finance suggests that investor behaviours are influenced by psychological elements and biases.

It further proposes that variances within financial markets may be attributed to these factors, for e.g., aggressive price movements of particular asset like stocks. 

 

In fact, growing recognition of this research has prompted renowned institutions like the Securities and Exchange Commission to assign staff to further explore the field of behavioural finance, and its impact on financial transactions.

A influência dos preconceitos

One of the core components of behavioural finance has to do with the influence of biases. More specifically, the notion is that biases can be categorised into one of 5 core concepts influencing the market and/or trading outcomes. Que são:

Comportamento de manada

Herd behaviour refers to those instances when investors or other financial practitioners copy the financial behaviours of a larger majority (i.e., the herd). This behaviour is frequently witnessed in the stock market and often the reason for selloffs or rallies.

Vazio emocional

Emotional gap pertains to decision making driven by intense emotions or emotional stress. This behaviour is often the reason why people make illogical decisions.

Autoatribuição

Self-attribution involves making decisions with an overconfident reliance on one’s own knowledge or skill. This tends to arise from one’s existing proficiency in a specific domain. In this instance, an investor may deem their knowledge more favourably than others, even if this isn’t objectively true.

Contabilidade mental

Este conceito foi desenvolvido Richard Thaler, economista e vencedor de um prémio Nobel. A contabilidade mental refere-se à diferença no valor que as pessoas atribuem à mesma quantidade de dinheiro. Normalmente, o valor baseia-se em critérios subjetivos que, muitas vezes, podem levar a investimentos ou decisões irracionais.

Fixação

A fixação é quando as pessoas, inconscientemente, utilizam informação irrelevante, como o preço inicial de um título, como um ponto de referência fixo para tomar decisões futuras sobre esse mesmo título.

Nesta área, a investigação também revelou outros pendores e idiossincrasias individuais apresentadas pelos investidores. Que são:

Viés de confirmação:

occurs when investors favour information that aligns with their existing beliefs, even if flawed.

Pendor empírico ou experiência recente:

é o facto de eventos recentes definirem a perceção dos investidores sobre os acontecimentos futuros.

Aversão à perda:

a tendência de dar maior importância em evitar perdas do que em alcançar os lucros, o que leva a um comportamento de aversão ao risco.

Pendor de familiaridade:

manifests when investors favour familiar investments, potentially limiting diversification. This often leads to a preference for domestic or locally known investments, neglecting broader market exposure.

Cada pendor/preconceito é reflexo de tendências cognitivas que influenciam o processo de tomada de decisões financeiras. Obviamente com impacto na forma como os investidores avaliam e reagem à informação, acontecimentos e potenciais riscos.

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